Note+Taking+Guide

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=** WHAT IS STYLE? **=
 * Juxtiposition, Imagery, Paradox **
 * Style is the combination of literary techniques a writer uses to communicate his or her substance. **

(shift): a change in attitudes
*Remember to look for the change in tone. __Always mention the tone shift when__ __discussing poetry or prose.__ Recognize irony! DIDLS - diction, imagery, details, language, syntax

===
 * Some Very Basic Options For Describing Tone ** :
 * Authoritative: with an air of authority
 * Emotive: characterized by emotion
 * Pathos: an author's connection to an audience's feelings
 * Didactic: intended for teaching
 * Objective: intended to obtain a goal
 * Ornate: embellished with rhetoric
 * Scholarly: used for learning purposes
 * Plain: of no significant depth
 * Scientific: used for study in the field of science

===

**Diction**: denotation vs. connotation -- the dictionary definition of a word versus its implied meaning
===
 * archaic language: language from an earlier time
 * formal language: conventional language
 * colloquial language: ordinary and familiar conversation
 * ambiguous language: having several certain meanings
 * inflated language: filled with pride
 * satirical language: using irony and sarcasm
 * effusive language: pouring out

===

**Selection of Detail -- the details the author chooses to show/mention AND WHY**

 * //verisimilitude//: the semblence of truth

**Imagery -- the formation of mental images by an author through the use of descriptive wording**
===
 * (also called "selection of detail")**
 * auditory: relating to hearing
 * visual: relating to sight
 * gustatory: relating to taste
 * tactile: relating to the sense of touch
 * olfactory: relating to the sense of smell
 * kinetic: largely moving
 * organic: enviornmental
 * dark and light: a contrast between two opposing elements
 * juxtaposition: a side by side comparison

===

**Figurative Language**: Language that is not literal -- so what -- the impact on the reader

 * metaphor: stating one thing in a relative example of another
 * simile: a direct comparison between two things using like or as
 * hyperbole: an exaggeration that puts emphasis
 * understatement: drastic presenting something as less extreme as it is
 * personification: giving a nonhuman object humanlike qualities
 * synecdoche: using a part to describe a whole
 * metonymy: synecdoche and vice versa
 * PARADOX: a statement or idea that contradicts itself
 * apostrophe: talking to the nonexsistant

**Point of View**:

 * First Person: told from one character's perspective
 * Second Person (Beginning of ATKM): told with the use of you
 * Third Person: told from an omniscient narrator
 * Omniscient: knows everything about everyone
 * Stream of Consciousness: Literary technique- fast-paced frantic state of mind
 * Alternating: switched between first and third person
 * Narrator Reliability: the amount the narrator of a story can be trusted with telling the truth

**Organization** (including use of time):

 * narrative structure: how the story is told time-wise
 * flashback: when an event before a point in the narrative is inserted
 * framed story: a story embedded in a story
 * formal: use of "scholarly" and very literal diction for a more formal audience
 * informal: use of slang for a familiar audience
 * sonnet form__s__: Shakepsearean and Patrarchan
 * villanelle: short poem written in tercets

**Literary Terms Analyzing Contrast**

 * Verbal Irony: saying the opposite of true meaning
 * Situational Irony: some turns opposite as expected
 * Dramatic Irony: when the reader knows something that a character doesn't
 * Oxymoron: two contradicting words used consecutively
 * Paradox: contradictory statement
 * Juxtaposition: comparing things side to side

**Sound** (or musicality descriptors):
(Try not say “flowing.”)
 * euphony: pleasing to the ear
 * cacophony: harsh on the ear
 * smooth diction: gliding words that please the ear
 * harsh diction: words that sound abrupt or harsh

**Sound Devices**:

 * alliteration: a repetition of the first sound in a word
 * consonance: the recurrence of consonants in close proximity
 * assonance: the recurrence of vowels in close proximity
 * onomatopoeia: a word that is written how it sounds

**Rhyme:**
**Is it free verse?**
 * formal: follows a set rhyme scheme
 * informal: rhyme scheme varies greatly
 * traditional: an organized rhyme scheme, like a sonnet
 * unconventional: rhyme that holds an odd, not commonplace structure
 * absence of: free verse without rhyming endings

**Meter:**
**Is it free verse?**
 * formal: follows an unchanging rhythm
 * informal: rhythm changes throughout the work
 * traditional: follows a conventional, identifiable rhythm
 * unconventional: follows its own undefined structure
 * absence of: free verse poem that lacks a rythm

**Allusion:**

 * historical: a reference to a historical event
 * literary: a reference to a work of literature
 * Biblical: a reference to the bible
 * mythological: a reference to classical mythology
 * Also, within the Greek tragic tradition be aware of ideas such as: **
 * ** dramatic unity: set of rules that classical plays followed **
 * ** hubris: excessive pride toward or defiance of the gods **
 * ** catharsis: releasing strong emotion **
 * Shakespearean: a play written by Shakespeare in which a hero faces their downfall due to a character fault in an intense situation
 * pop: a reference to pop culture

**Repetition**

 * words: a certain word is repeated multiple times to place an emphasis on an image
 * images: a certain image is repeated multiple times to put an emphasis on an idea
 * structural: a structure repeats itself so as to draw the reader's attention towards it
 * grammatical: a grammatical convention is highlighted so that a reader focuses more on it
 * rhetorical (i.e. anaphora, etc.): repetition of a word, consonant, or vowel that may draw a reader's attention

**Sentence Types**

 * loose: subject and verb near the beginning of the sentence
 * periodic:subject and verb near the end of the sentence
 * parallel: sentence subject-verb structure is balanced

**Characterization**

 * direct: author gives straightforward traits about a character
 * indirect: the traits of a character are subtle and revealed through dialogue
 * flat: two-dimensional characters that lack depth, always static
 * round: interesting, deep characters, always developing
 * static: a character does not develop throughout a novel
 * stock: stereotypical person that readers will recognize
 * developing: a character undergoes change within the course of the novel
 * epiphany: when a certain character makes a realization that changes the course of their character

Setting

 * place and time: when and where the story takes place

=**WHAT IS SUBSTANCE?**=
 * Substance is the meaning or theme of a work. Substance is the "significance" that you are //"So Whatting."// Substance is made more powerful by connecting to the universal or archetypal. **

**Universal/Archetypal Characters:**

 * Epic Hero: brave hero possessing many positive traits who is featured in an Epic
 * Tragic Hero: person of typically high status that faces a downfall typically due to a negative character trait
 * Byronic Hero: extreme antihero associated with a rebellious attitude
 * AntiHero: Main character that plays the role of a hero but lacks morality
 * Outcast: A character who is cast out of a society, either by choice of by force
 * Scapegoat: The one who receives all of the blame for something that may have not been entirely his/her fault
 * Stranger in the Village: I'm assuming a character who walks among others but noone knows their identity

**Universal/Archetypal Women:**

 * earth mother: Representation of birth and nature
 * temptress: a woman who through charm tries to lure a hero off of his course
 * soul-mate: a woman who the character feels a spiritual bond towards
 * platonic ideal: the source of inspiration of a hero who is "intellectually attractive"
 * maiden: represents purity and innocence of childhood
 * mother: the character that represents the ideal image of a mother
 * crone: an old woman, often times a wise woman

**Universal/Archetypal Images:**

 * Colors: different ideas, emotions, or feelings are associated with each color
 * Numbers: having a certain quantity of something may allude to something else (3 is holy trinity)
 * Water: rebirth and purity
 * Yin and Yang (Juxtaposition): Light and Dark: Knowledge and Ignorance
 * Nature and Garden: representation of purity
 * Tree: typically a location in which something important occurs

**Universal/Archetypal Plots:**

 * Coming-of-Age (//Bildungsroman//): a story in which a certain character goes through a certain hardship that proves their adulthood
 * Mistaken Identity/Farce: character is mistaken for doing something they didn't and have to prove innocence
 * Renewal of Life: character undergoes trials to renew themselves and commonly end up in a better state than before
 * Quest/Journey: hero goes on a mission
 * Spiritual epiphany: entire plot focused on a character newly finding a set of ideals
 * Outcast: a character is thrown out of society and is left to wander

**Novel types:**

 * Bildungsroman: character matures to adulthood through hardships
 * Dystopian: takes place in a society often controlled by a strict government or in which the population holds extremely warped values
 * Utopian: takes place in a "perfect" society
 * Epistolary: writing a novel in the form of letters
 * Gothic: takes place in a pseudomedival setting with elements of mystery and horror
 * Historical: a novel that details a plausible fictional event in a historical setting
 * Novella: a short novel
 * Novel of manners: a story that concentrates a reader's attention on social class, customs, and conversation
 * Social novel: a social problem is dramatized through the characters of a novel

**GENDER, RACE, AND CLASS AS CONTEMPORARY "OUTCAST" THEMES**

 * Issues of Gender: women are not capable of that which men can do
 * Issues of Race: paste face master race
 * Issues of Class: the poor hold no value
 * Other Important Themes:**
 * ===Love: love is a universal feeling whose pursuit drives the plot of some novels===
 * ===Religion: some books promote religious values and beliefs through symbolism and ideas presented===
 * ===Mortality: deal with the harsh realities of death===
 * ===Reality: open your eyes to what is really happening around you===
 * ===Sanity: typically draws the line between rational thought and the extreme===
 * ===//Carpe Diem//: embrace the moment and copulate===
 * ===Pastoral: a portrayal of country life===

**Exploring Literary "Substance" Through Philosophical Thought**

 * Romanticism (vs. Classicism vs. Realism): a movement in literature that emphasizes inspiration, subjectivity, and primacy of the individual
 * Realism: a type of novel which seeks to portray life accurately without any inaccurate beautification
 * Modern Realism: modern day topics portrayed in an accurate light
 * Magical Realism: modern day topics with a hint of an unrealistic plot, but still deals with realistic subject matters
 * Gothicism: I'm pretty sure this isn't the Swedish ancestor thing. any novel that relates to a gothic setting
 * Modernism: modifying traditional ideas with modern thought
 * Postmodernism: a problem with grand theories and ideals that is the departure from modernism
 * Existentialism: emphasizes that each person has their own free will
 * Absurdism: humans exist in a purposeless, chaotic universe
 * Feminism: women deserve equal rights and treatment as men

**Literary Theories Of Which College Board Readers Are Aware**

 * Feminist: women deserve the same treatment as men
 * Psychoanalytic: humans follow irrational, unpredictable thinking
 * Marxist: communism
 * New Historicism: movement that aims to define work through its cultural context or study history through works of the time
 * Formalism: adherence to predefined forms
 * Reader-Response: form of study that focuses on the reader rather than the writer